Leaf Anatomy

The Inner Structure of a Leaf Leaves may look simple, but they’re packed with structures that help plants survive and thrive. Cuticle is a waxy outer layer that keeps the leaf from losing water. Epidermis protects the leaf and lets light in. Mesophyll (middle layer)...

Friction & Inertia

What Is Friction? Friction is a contact force that resists motion when two surfaces rub against each other. Friction works in the opposite direction of motion. It depends on two main things: 🔹 The roughness of the surfaces 🔹 The force pressing them together There are...

Properties of Waves

What Are Waves? Waves are repeating patterns that transfer energy from one place to another, without carrying matter. A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter. Key Properties of Waves:
 🔹 Wavelength – the distance between two crests or...

Electric Circuits

What Is an Electric Circuit? An electric circuit is a complete path through which electric current flows. A circuit must form a closed loop for electricity to flow. Circuits have basic parts:
       🔹 Power source (like a battery)
       🔹 Wires to carry the current
...

Basics of Thermodynamics

What Is Thermodynamics? Thermodynamics is the science that studies how heat and energy move and change in the universe. It explains how heat flows from warmer things to cooler ones. The First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed — only changed...

Chemistry in Cosmetics

What’s in Your Cosmetics? Cosmetics are made from mixtures of chemicals that serve specific roles, and many come from nature or labs. Base ingredients include water, oils, waxes, and alcohols. These help spread and stick the product to your skin. Active ingredients,...
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