What Are Stem Cells? Stem cells are unspecialized cells with the powerful ability to develop into many different kinds of body cells. Pluripotent stem cells (like embryonic stem cells) can become any cell in the body. Multipotent stem cells (like adult stem cells) can...

What Are Good Bacteria? Good bacteria, also known as probiotics, play a critical role in maintaining a healthy internal environment. Your digestive system houses a vast microbiome—a community of microorganisms, mostly bacteria. Good bacteria help balance this...

What Causes Plant Diseases? Plant diseases are caused by both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors that disrupt plant health. Biotic Causes – Pathogens: Fungi: Most common; spread by spores and cause leaf spots, mildew, rots, and wilts by blocking water...

Desert & Cold Climate Adaptations Plants in deserts and cold areas adapt to extreme dryness, heat, or freezing temperatures. Desert Adaptations: Thick, waxy cuticles reduce water loss. Spines instead of leaves (like cacti) to lower evaporation and protect from...

How Do Animals Communicate? Animals have amazing ways of “talking” using their senses—like sound, sight, smell, and touch! Sound (Auditory Communication): Whales use low-frequency sounds that can travel miles underwater. Birds use songs to warn others, find mates, and...

How Do Scientists Classify Animals? Scientists classify animals using physical traits, behaviors, and genetics in a process called taxonomy. Scientists look at traits like backbones, body coverings, reproduction methods, and diet. Vertebrates have backbones (like...

How Do Scientists Classify Animals? Scientists classify animals using physical traits, behaviors, and genetics in a process called taxonomy. Scientists look at traits like backbones, body coverings, reproduction methods, and diet. Vertebrates have backbones (like...

What Makes a Plant Vascular? Vascular plants have special tissues that help them grow tall and transport water and nutrients. Xylem carries water and minerals from the roots up to the leaves. Phloem carries sugar (food) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant....

What Are Non-Vascular Plants? Non-vascular plants are simple, ancient plants without the tubes that most plants use to transport water. No vascular tissues: They don’t have xylem or phloem to carry water and nutrients. No true roots, stems, or leaves — instead, they...

How Are Plants Classified? Scientists group plants based on their physical traits and evolution over time. Plant classification is part of taxonomy, the science of naming and organizing life. Main plant categories (from broad to specific):
 Kingdom → Division → Class...