What is Rust? Rust isn't just dirt; it's a specific chemical reaction called oxidation. Rust is the common name for iron oxide (Fe₂O₃·nH₂O) Formation: It's formed when iron (or alloys like steel that contain iron) reacts with oxygen in the presence of water (or...

Metabolism Basics Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that turn food into usable energy and the parts your body needs. Two sides: Catabolism breaks molecules to release energy; anabolism builds new molecules. ATP: Cells convert food energy into ATP, the...

How Homeostasis Works Your body stays steady by running feedback loops that detect and correct change. Set point: Target levels the body maintains (≈98.6°F, normal blood sugar). Sensors: Nerves/monitors detect changes—skin & blood temp, pancreatic glucose sensors....

What Are Bioactives? Bioactives are naturally occurring compounds in food that can modulate body functions (inflammation, cell signals, immunity). They’re not vitamins but plant-made helper compounds that can support our health. Major groups with examples:...

Infrasound Sound is a vibration that travels as a wave; infrasound is the extra-low part of the spectrum that we can’t hear. Infrasound is below 20 Hz, so we do not hear it, but we can sometimes feel it as a rumble. Why it travels far: Low frequencies have long...

Mirrors: Light That Bounces Mirrors create images by reflecting light in predictable ways. Flat (plane) mirrors: These make virtual images (which appear behind the mirror) the same size as the object, but with the left and right sides swapped. Concave mirrors (curved...

Current and Voltage Current is the flow of electricity, and voltage is the force that pushes it. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor, measured in amperes (A). Voltage is the “electric pressure” or push that makes current move, measured in...

What is a Heart Attack? A heart attack happens when blood can’t reach part of the heart muscle. The medical term for a heart attack is myocardial infarction (MI) The heart is a muscle that needs a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood. Coronary arteries are the “pipes”...

How the Body Normally Handles Sugar The body maintains blood sugar balance using insulin, a hormone that controls how glucose enters cells for energy. When we eat food, especially carbohydrates, it breaks down into glucose (sugar). Glucose is absorbed into the...