What Causes Plant Diseases? Plant diseases are caused by both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors that disrupt plant health. Biotic Causes – Pathogens: Fungi: Most common; spread by spores and cause leaf spots, mildew, rots, and wilts by blocking water...

Desert & Cold Climate Adaptations Plants in deserts and cold areas adapt to extreme dryness, heat, or freezing temperatures. Desert Adaptations: Thick, waxy cuticles reduce water loss. Spines instead of leaves (like cacti) to lower evaporation and protect from...

How Do Animals Communicate? Animals have amazing ways of “talking” using their senses—like sound, sight, smell, and touch! Sound (Auditory Communication): Whales use low-frequency sounds that can travel miles underwater. Birds use songs to warn others, find mates, and...

How Do Scientists Classify Animals? Scientists classify animals using physical traits, behaviors, and genetics in a process called taxonomy. Scientists look at traits like backbones, body coverings, reproduction methods, and diet. Vertebrates have backbones (like...

How Do Scientists Classify Animals? Scientists classify animals using physical traits, behaviors, and genetics in a process called taxonomy. Scientists look at traits like backbones, body coverings, reproduction methods, and diet. Vertebrates have backbones (like...

What Makes a Plant Vascular? Vascular plants have special tissues that help them grow tall and transport water and nutrients. Xylem carries water and minerals from the roots up to the leaves. Phloem carries sugar (food) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant....

What Are Non-Vascular Plants? Non-vascular plants are simple, ancient plants without the tubes that most plants use to transport water. No vascular tissues: They don’t have xylem or phloem to carry water and nutrients. No true roots, stems, or leaves — instead, they...

How Are Plants Classified? Scientists group plants based on their physical traits and evolution over time. Plant classification is part of taxonomy, the science of naming and organizing life. Main plant categories (from broad to specific):
 Kingdom → Division → Class...

The Inner Structure of a Leaf Leaves may look simple, but they’re packed with structures that help plants survive and thrive. Cuticle is a waxy outer layer that keeps the leaf from losing water. Epidermis protects the leaf and lets light in. Mesophyll (middle layer)...

What Is Friction? Friction is a contact force that resists motion when two surfaces rub against each other. Friction works in the opposite direction of motion. It depends on two main things: 🔹 The roughness of the surfaces 🔹 The force pressing them together There are...